Kidney stones are solid masses that form from substances like calcium, oxalate, and uric acid in the kidneys. Symptoms can include severe pain, hematuria (blood in urine), and frequent urination. Treatment options vary based on the size and location of the stones. Common methods include non-invasive shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), which uses sound waves to break stones into smaller pieces; ureteroscopy, where a thin tube is inserted to remove or break up stones; and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for larger stones requiring surgical intervention. Choosing the right treatment involves assessing the stone’s characteristics and the patient’s overall health.